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Can we unilaterally cancel a contract? 

Answered as per Hanafi Fiqh by Qibla.com

Answered by Shaykh Faraz Rabbani

We agreed with a customer to send her a specified amount of goods (specified by product, size and color). They agreed and have already paid (she sent the money on Monday). Can we now refuse to give them some of those goods (and we will of course refund the money for those particular goods not given), or has the sale been affected and we cannot go back on it?

Answer:
In the Name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful

Allah Most High said,

“O you who believe! Fulfil your contracts.”

(Qur’an, 5.1)

The Messenger of Allah (Allah bless him and give him peace) is reported to have said,

“Muslims are bound by their conditions…”

[Tirmidhi and Abu Dawud]

Walaikum assalam wa rahmatullah,

Unless you have a pre-specified option  to cancel ( khiyar shart) in the contractual agreement, you cannot unilaterally cancel a valid sale because it is binding ( lazim), as explained by Imam Abu Bakr al-Jassas in his Ahkam al-Qur’an (2.250) in explanation of the above verse.

In the Majalla, it states,

“(Item 114)   The binding sale is a complete sale free of options.”

Allama Ali Haydar explains in his majestic commentary on the Majalla, Durar al-Hukkam fi Sharh Majallat al-Ahkam,

“The scholars of the principles of jurisprudence ( usul) explained binding as: an action that any one of the two parties cannot unilaterally cancel.

So, neither transacting party in a sale, hire, or division can cancel such contracts unless there is a [pre-specified] option.” [Haydar, Durar al-Hukkam, 1.110]

Nothing wrong if they agree

However, it is valid and not blameworthy to request that the contract be cancelled. If the other party does not refuse, the contract will be cancelled.

The Majalla states:

“Item 190.     The two contracting parties may cancel a sale if they both agree.”

As an aside, it is recommended (though not obligatory) to agree to cancel a contractual agreement (e.g. accepting the return of a sold item). The Messenger of Allah (Allah bless him and give him peace) said,

“Whoever cancels the contract of one regretful, Allah will cancel their mistakes [on the Day of Judgment].” [Abu Dawud and Ibn Maja]

And Allah alone gives success.

Wassalam,
Faraz Rabbani

في أحكام الفرآن للإمام الجصّاص: (2/250)قوله تعالى : { يَا أَيُّهَا الَّذِينَ آمَنُوا أَوْفُوا بِالْعُقُودِ } , فَأَلْزَمَ كُلَّ عَاقِدٍ الْوَفَاءَ بِمَا عَقَدَ عَلَى نَفْسِهِ وَذَلِكَ عَقْدٌ قَدْ عَقَدَهُ كُلُّ وَاحِدٍ مِنْهُمَا عَلَى نَفْسِهِ فَيَلْزَمُهُ الْوَفَاءُ بِهِجاء في المجلة:( الْمَادَّةُ 114 ) الْبَيْعُ اللَّازِمُ هُوَ الْبَيْعُ النَّافِذُ الْعَارِي عَنْ الْخِيَارَاتِ وَبِعِبَارَةٍ  أُخْرَى فَالْبَيْعُ اللَّازِمُ هُوَ الْبَيْعُ الْخَالِي مِنْ الْخِيَارَاتِ الْمَذْكُورَةِ فِي الْفُصُولِ السَّبْعَةِ مِنْ الْبَابِ السَّادِسِ لِكِتَابِ الْبُيُوعِ .قال شارحها العلامة علي حيدر أفندي (رحمه الله تعالى): (1/110)وَقَدْ عَرَّفَ الْأُصُولِيُّونَ اللُّزُومَ بِقَوْلِهِمْ ( هُوَ أَنْ يَكُونَ الْفِعْلُ بِحَيْثُ لَا يَسْتَطِيعُ أَحَدُ الْمُتَعَاقِدَيْنِ رَفْعُهُ ) وَفِي الْوَاقِعِ لَا يَحِقُّ لِأَحَدِ الْمُتَعَاقِدَيْنِ فِي بَيْعٍ أَوْ إجَارَةٍ أَوْ قِسْمَةٍ لَيْسَ فِيهَا خِيَارُ فَسْخِ شَيْءٍ مِنْ هَذِهِ الْعُقُودِ . في الدر المختار:بَابُ الْإِقَالَةِ هِيَ لُغَةً : الرَّفْعُ مِنْ أَقَالَ أَجْوَفُ يَائِيٌّ , وَشَرْعًا ( رَفْعُ الْبَيْعِ )  وَعَمَّمَ فِي الْجَوْهَرَةِ فَعَبَّرَ بِالْعَقْدِ ( وَيَصِحُّ بِلَفْظَيْنِ مَاضِيَيْنِ وَ ) هَذَا رُكْنُهَا ( أَوَأَحَدُهُمَا مُسْتَقْبَلٌ ) كَأَقِلْنِي فَقَالَ أَقَلْتُك لِعَدَمِ الْمُسَاوَمَةِ فِيهَا فَكَانَتْ كَالنِّكَاحِ وَقَالَ مُحَمَّدٌ كَالْبَيْعِ قَالَ الْبُرْجَنْدِيُّ وَهُوَ الْمُخْتَارُ ( وَ ) تَصِحُّ أَيْضًا ( بِفَاسَخْتُكِ وَتَرَكْت وَتَارَكْتُك وَرَفَعْت وَبِالتَّعَاطِي ) وَلَوْ مِنْ أَحَدِ الْجَانِبَيْنِ ( كَالْبَيْعِ ) هُوَ الصَّحِيحُ بَزَّازِيَّةٌ وَفِي السِّرَاجِيَّةِ لَا بُدَّ مِنْ التَّسْلِيمِ وَالْقَبْضِ مِنْ الْجَانِبَيْنِ .في المجلة:( الْمَادَّةُ 190 ) : لِلْعَاقِدَيْنِ أَنْ يَتَقَايَلَا الْبَيْعَ بِرِضَاهُمَا .في شرحها المذكور:إنَّ جَوَازَ الْإِقَالَةِ ثَابِتٌ بِالنَّقْلِ وَالْعَقْلِ فَمِنْ النَّقْلِ مَا جَاءَ فِي الْحَدِيثِ الشَّرِيفِ : { مَنْ أَقَالَ نَادِمًا بَيْعَتَهُ أَقَالَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى عَثَرَاتِهِ يَوْمَ الْقِيَامَةِ } وَالْعَقْلُ يَقْضِي بِأَنَّ مِنْ حَقِّ الطَّرَفَيْنِ أَنْ يَرْفَعَا الْعَقْدَ تَبَعًا لِلْمَصْلَحَةِ ” مَجْمَعُ الْأَنْهُرِ ” لِلْمُتَبَايِعَيْنِ أَنْ يَتَقَايَلَا الْبَيْعَ فِي الْمَبِيعِ كُلِّهِ أَوْ بَعْضِهِ . مِثَالُ الْأَوَّلِ : إذَا بَاعَ إنْسَانٌ مَالًا مِنْ آخَرَ وَسَلَّمَ الْبَائِعُ الْمَالَ لِلْمُشْتَرِي ثُمَّ قَالَ لِلْمُشْتَرِي : أَقَلْت الْبَيْعَ , فَقَالَ الْمُشْتَرِي : قَبِلْت فَتَكُونُ الْإِقَالَةُ هَهُنَا فِي كُلِّ الْمَبِيعِ وَيَرْجِعُ إلَى مِلْكِ الْبَائِعِ . وَمِثَالُ الثَّانِي إذَا بَاعَ إنْسَانٌ مِنْ آخَرَ خَمْسَ عَشْرَةَ كَيْلَةً حِنْطَةً , وَقَالَ الْبَائِعُ لِلْمُشْتَرِي إمَّا أَنْ تَدْفَعَ لِي الثَّمَنَ أَوْ تَرُدَّ لِي الْحِنْطَةَ فَلَوْ رَدَّ الْمُشْتَرِي خَمْسَ كَيْلَاتٍ فَقَدْ وَقَعَتْ الْإِقَالَةُ فِي الْخَمْسِ الْكَيْلَاتِ بِالتَّعَاطِي ( اُنْظُرْ الْمَادَّةَ 275 ) . وَيُفْهَمُ مِنْ قَيْدِ الرِّضَاءِ أَنَّ رِضَاءَ الْمُتَعَاقِدَيْنِ فِي الْإِقَالَةِ شَرْطٌ ; لِأَنَّ الْكَلَامَ فِي رَفْعِ الْعَقْدِ اللَّازِمِ أَمَّا رَفْعُ الْعَقْدِ غَيْرِ اللَّازِمِ فَعَائِدٌ إلَى صَاحِبِ الْخِيَارِ وَلَا يُشْتَرَطُ فِيهِ رِضَا الْآخَرِ بَلْ يَكْفِي عِلْمُهُ ( أَبُو السُّعُودِ ) وَلَا يُقَالُ لِرَفْعِ هَذَا الْعَقْدِ إقَالَةٌ ( اُنْظُرْ الْمَادَّةَ 163 )

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