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Is Qurbani valid if at the time of purchasing it the price was unknown?

Answered as per Hanafi Fiqh by Darulfiqh.com

Question:

Assalamualaikum…….. Respected Mufti Sahib, we buy our Qurbaani animals from a relative who is a livestock trader. However he only informs us of the animal’s price  after our Qurbaani has been done, sometimes few weeks later (price can lead to a dispute in some cases – prices are very inflated qurbaani time in s Africa). We were informed that this is not correct. Please explain if our qurbaani has been discharged due to not knowing the price of the animal at the time of slaughter, Jazakallah.

Answer:

In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.

As-salāmu ‘alaykum wa-rahmatullāhi wa-barakātuh.

One of the pre-requisites for Qurbānī to be valid is ownership and possession of the animal.  Thereafter, the animal can be slaughtered for oneself or slaughtered to discharge the obligation of another.
If a person slaughters an animal which he does not have ownership of to discharge his own obligation, the Qurbānī will be invalid on his behalf.[1]

However, to slaughter another person’s Qurbānī animal on their behalf with or without their permission will be valid.  The other person’s obligation will be discharged even if he did not consent to the slaughter.[2]
Likewise, to slaughter one’s own animal on behalf of another person is valid on condition they give some form of acknowledgement. 

When the price of animal is ambiguous, the transaction is deemed void (fāsid).  In a void transaction (bai’ fāsid), ownership is not established unless possession takes place by the purchaser.[3] Thus, your ownership was not established in such a scenario.  Even after the transaction, the livestock trader owned the animal.  Therefore, as the livestock trader performed Qurbānī on an animal he owned on your behalf, your Qurbānī will be discharged.[4] It was compulsory to annul the fāsid transaction.  Entering and proceeding with such a transaction was sinful.[5] One must do tawbah for being involved in such a transaction.
However, since the product has changed its essence (into meat from being an animal)[6], it is no longer possible to annul the transaction.[7]

Your duty now is to pay only the market value of the animal and not the sale price.[8]

In future, before proceeding with such transactions, clearly have the price agreed to at the time of concluding a transaction.

And Allah Ta’ālā Knows Best

Mufti Faraz Adam 
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[1]  ذَكَرَ فِي فَتَاوَى أَبِي اللَّيْثِ – رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى – إذَا ضَحَّى بِشَاةِ نَفْسِهِ عَنْ غَيْرِهِ بِأَمْرِ ذَلِكَ الْغَيْرِ أَوْ بِغَيْرِ أَمْرِهِ لَا تَجُوزُ؛ لِأَنَّهُ لَا يُمْكِنُ تَجْوِيزُ التَّضْحِيَةِ عَنْ الْغَيْرِ إلَّا بِإِثْبَاتِ الْمِلْكِ لِذَلِكَ الْغَيْرِ فِي الشَّاةِ، وَلَنْ يَثْبُتَ الْمِلْكُ لَهُ فِي الشَّاةِ إلَّا بِالْقَبْضِ، وَلَمْ يُوجَدْ قَبْضُ الْآمِرِ هَاهُنَا لَا بِنَفْسِهِ وَلَا بِنَائِبِهِ، كَذَا فِي الذَّخِيرَةِ. (الهندية ج 5 ص 302 الرشيدية)

[2]  فتاوى محمودية ج 17 ص 320 إدارة الفاروق

وَلَوْ ذَبَحَ أُضْحِيَّةَ غَيْرِهِ عَنْ الْمَالِكِ بِغَيْرِ أَمْرِهِ صَرِيحًا يَقَعُ عَنْ الْمَالِكِ، وَلَا ضَمَانَ عَلَى الذَّابِحِ اسْتِحْسَانًا، أُطْلِقَ هُنَا وَلَمْ يُقَيَّدْ بِمَا إذَا أَضْجَعَهَا الْمَالِكُ لِلتَّضْحِيَةِ وَقَيَّدَ بِهِ فِي الْأَجْنَاسِ، وَالْمُخْتَارُ هُوَ الْأَوَّلُ، كَذَا فِي الْغِيَاثِيَّةِ. (الهندية ج 5 ص 302 الرشيدية)

 

[3]  أَمَّا فِي الْبَيْعِ الْفَاسِدِ فَيُشْتَرَطُ قَبْضُ الْمَبِيعِ لِإِفَادَةِ الْمِلْكِ (درر الحكام شرح مجلة الأحكام ج 1 ص 249)

[4]  (الْمَادَّةُ 237) تَسْمِيَةُ الثَّمَنِ حِينَ الْبَيْعِ لَازِمَةٌ فَلَوْ بَاعَ بِدُونِ تَسْمِيَةِ ثَمَنٍ كَانَ الْبَيْعُ فَاسِدًا.

يَجِبُ حِينَ الْبَيْعِ ذِكْرُ الثَّمَنِ وَتَسْمِيَتُهُ فَإِذَا كَانَ مَسْكُوتًا عَنْهُ حِينَ الْبَيْعِ فَالْبَيْعُ فَاسِدٌ وَلَيْسَ بِبَاطِلٍ؛ لِأَنَّ الْبَيْعَ الْمُطْلَقَ يَقْتَضِي الْمُعَاوَضَةَ فَإِذَا سَكَتَ الْبَائِعُ عَنْ الثَّمَنِ كَانَ مَقْصِدُهُ أَخْذَ قِيمَةِ الْمَبِيعِ فَكَأَنَّهُ يَقُولُ بِعْتُ مَالِي بِقِيمَتِهِ وَالِاقْتِصَارُ عَلَى ذِكْرِ الْقِيمَةِ مُجْمَلَةً يَجْعَلُ الثَّمَنَ مَجْهُولًا فَيَكُونُ الْبَيْعُ فَاسِدًا لَا بَاطِلًا. (درر الحكام شرح مجلة الأحكام ج 1 ص 217)

[5]  فَالْوَاجِبُ عَلَى كُلٍّ مِنْ الْعَاقِدَيْنِ فَسْخُ الْبَيْعِ الْفَاسِدِ لِإِزَالَةِ الْفَسَادِ؛ لِأَنَّ الْبَيْعَ الْفَاسِدَ مَعْصِيَةٌ. (درر الحكام شرح مجلة الأحكام ج 1 ص 396)

[6]  لِكُلٍّ مِنْ الْمُتَعَاقِدَيْنِ فَسْخُ الْبَيْعِ الْفَاسِدِ إلَّا أَنَّهُ إذَا هَلَكَ الْمَبِيعُ فِي يَدِ الْمُشْتَرِي، أَوْ اسْتَهْلَكَهُ، أَوْ أَخْرَجَهُ مِنْ يَدِهِ بِبَيْعٍ صَحِيحٍ، أَوْ بِهِبَةٍ مِنْ آخَرَ أَوْ زَادَ فِيهِ الْمُشْتَرِي شَيْئًا مِنْ مَالِهِ كَمَا لَوْ كَانَ الْمَبِيعُ دَارًا فَعَمَّرَهَا، أَوْ أَرْضًا فَغَرَسَ فِيهَا أَشْجَارًا، أَوْ تَغَيَّرَ اسْمُ الْمَبِيعِ بِأَنْ كَانَ حِنْطَةً فَطَحَنَهَا وَجَعَلَهَا دَقِيقًا؛ بَطَلَ حَقُّ الْفَسْخِ فِي هَذِهِ الصُّوَرِ.

لِكُلٍّ مِنْ الْمُتَعَاقِدَيْنِ فَسْخُ الْبَيْعِ الْفَاسِدِ بِشَرْطِ أَنْ يَكُونَ عِلْمُ الْآخَرِ لَاحِقًا لَهُ مَا بَقِيَ الْمَبِيعُ عَلَى حَالِهِ وَلَمْ يُوجَدْ مَانِعٌ مِنْ الْمَوَانِعِ الْمَذْكُورَةِ لِلْفَسْخِ فَيَسْتَرِدُّ الْبَائِعُ الْمَبِيعَ وَيَسْتَرِدُّ الْمُشْتَرِي الثَّمَنَ سَوَاءٌ قَبَضَ الْمَبِيعَ فِي الْبَيْعِ الْفَاسِدِ، أَوْ لَمْ يَقْبِضْ. (درر الحكام شرح مجلة الأحكام ج 1 ص 396)

[7]  وَيُكْرَهُ لِلْمُشْتَرِي أَنْ يَتَصَرَّفَ فِيمَا اشْتَرَى شِرَاءً فَاسِدًا بِتَمْلِيكٍ أَوْ انْتِفَاعٍ لَكِنْ مَعَ هَذَا لَوْ تَصَرَّفَ فِيهِ تَصَرُّفًا نَفَذَ تَصَرُّفُهُ وَلَا يُنْقَضُ تَصَرُّفُهُ وَيَبْطُلُ بِهِ حَقُّ الْبَائِعِ فِي الِاسْتِرْدَادِ سَوَاءٌ كَانَ تَصَرُّفًا يَحْتَمِلُ النَّقْضَ بَعْدَ ثُبُوتِهِ كَالْبَيْعِ وَأَشْبَاهِهِ أَوْ لَا يَحْتَمِلُ النَّقْضَ كَالْإِعْتَاقِ وَأَشْبَاهِهِ إلَّا الْإِجَارَةُ وَالنِّكَاحُ فَإِنَّهُمَا لَا يُبْطِلَانِ حَقَّ الْبَائِعِ فِي الِاسْتِرْدَادِ كَذَا فِي الْمُحِيطِ (الهندية ج 3 ص 147 الرشيدية)

[8]  وَلَوْ أَعْتَقَهُ أَوْ بَاعَهُ الْمُشْتَرِي أَوْ دَبَّرَهُ بَطَلَ حَقُّ الْفَسْخِ وَكَذَا لَوْ اسْتَوْلَدَهَا وَتَصِيرُ الْجَارِيَةُ أُمَّ وَلَدٍ لِلْمُشْتَرِي وَعَلَى الْمُشْتَرِي قِيمَةُ الْجَارِيَةِ (الهندية ج 3 ص 147 الرشيدية)

This answer was collected from DarulFiqh.com, which is operated under the supervision of Mufti Faraz ibn Adam al-Mahmudi, the student of world renowned Mufti Ebrahim Desai (Hafizahullah).

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