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Is it permissible to marry a woman whilst in a certain place with the intention to divorce her when one leaves that place?

Answered as per Hanafi Fiqh by Askimam.org

Asalaam alaykum

Is it permissible for a man who is travelling to a certain place to marry a woman there islamically, however, he only wants to stay in this nikaah for the duration of his stay in that certain place for example (6 months). He does not disclose this to anyone (that he is willing to divorce his wife after a time. Even his wife doesn’t know  this) He carried out the nikaah with the permission of wali and in the presence of 2 witnesses. Will he be sinful in doing this?

I know mutah is haraam. But here it is a proper nikaah. Only the husband knows and has this in the back of his mind that he will eventually divorce her

I’ve heard one shaykh said that there is a leeway for the man in this scenario 

Will this also be classified as mutah or nikaah muwaqat?

Please explain to me in detail as i’m confused with this mas’ala

Answer

In the Name of Allah, the Most Gracious, the Most Merciful.

As-salāmu ‘alaykum wa-rahmatullāhi wa-barakātuh.

Respected brother.

May Allah Ta’alah reward you for your desire to follow the correct rulings of Shari’ah.

The Quran refers to marriage as “mithaqan Ghalithan,”, which means “a strong covenant”. Allah Ta’alah states:

وَكَيْفَ تَأْخُذُونَهُ وَقَدْ أَفْضَىٰ بَعْضُكُمْ إِلَىٰ بَعْضٍ وَأَخَذْنَ مِنْكُمْ مِيثَاقًا غَلِيظًا (النساء:21)

Translation: “How could you do that (ask for mahr back) having slept with one another, and when they had taken a solemn pledge (contract of nikah) from you?” (Al-Nisa:21)

 

The seriousness of this covenant becomes obvious when one finds the same term i.e., ‘Mithaqan Ghalithan’, being used for the covenant made between Allah Ta’alah and the Prophets before granting them the responsibility of Prophethood. Allah Ta’alah states:

وَإِذْ أَخَذْنَا مِنَ النَّبِيِّينَ مِيثَاقَهُمْ وَمِنْكَ وَمِنْ نُوحٍ وَإِبْرَاهِيمَ وَمُوسَىٰ وَعِيسَى ابْنِ مَرْيَمَ ۖ وَأَخَذْنَا مِنْهُمْ مِيثَاقًا غَلِيظًا (الأحزاب:7)

Translation: “When We made the covenant with the prophets, and with you, as with Noah and Abraham, Moses and Jesus son of Mary, a binding covenant.” (Al-Ahzaab:7)

 

In the following verse, Allah Ta’alah commands man to adopt kindness when dealing with one’s spouse.

وَعَاشِرُوهُنَّ بِالْمَعْرُوفِ ۚ فَإِنْ كَرِهْتُمُوهُنَّ فَعَسَىٰ أَنْ تَكْرَهُوا شَيْئًا وَيَجْعَلَ اللَّهُ فِيهِ خَيْرًا كَثِيرًا (النساء:19)

Translation: “Live with them with tolerance and justice even if you do not care for them. For it may well be you may not like a thing, yet God may have endued it with much goodness.” (Al-Nisa:19)

 

In the following verses of the Quran, Allah Ta’alah mentions the different purposes and reasons of a marriage.

يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ اتَّقُوا رَبَّكُمُ الَّذِي خَلَقَكُمْ مِنْ نَفْسٍ وَاحِدَةٍ وَخَلَقَ مِنْهَا زَوْجَهَا وَبَثَّ مِنْهُمَا رِجَالًا كَثِيرًا وَنِسَاءً ۚ وَاتَّقُوا اللَّهَ الَّذِي تَسَاءَلُونَ بِهِ وَالْأَرْحَامَ ۚ إِنَّ اللَّهَ كَانَ عَلَيْكُمْ رَقِيبًا (النساء:1)

Translation: “O men, fear your Lord who created you from a single cell, and from it created its mate, and from the two of them dispersed men and women (male and female) in multitudes. Fear God in whose name you ask of one another (the bond of) relationships. God surely keeps watch over you.” (Al-Nisa:1)

 

وَمِنْ آيَاتِهِ أَنْ خَلَقَ لَكُمْ مِنْ أَنْفُسِكُمْ أَزْوَاجًا لِتَسْكُنُوا إِلَيْهَا وَجَعَلَ بَيْنَكُمْ مَوَدَّةً وَرَحْمَةً ۚ إِنَّ فِي ذَٰلِكَ لَآيَاتٍ لِقَوْمٍ يَتَفَكَّرُونَ (الروم:21)

Translation: “Another of His signs is that He created mates of your own kind of yourselves so that you may get peace of mind from them, and has put love and compassion between you. Verily there are signs in this for those who reflect.” (Al-Rum:21)

 

The following two reasons are understood from these verses:

1.     To ensure preservation of human beings and continuation of the human race.

Conjugal relationship between a man and a woman becomes lawful through marriage. It provides a legitimate outlet for recreation as well as procreation. Islam regards intercourse as natural and good, but restricts it to the partners of marriage so as to ensure the responsibility for its consequences. Allah Ta’alah says:

نِسَاؤُكُمْ حَرْثٌ لَكُمْ فَأْتُوا حَرْثَكُمْ أَنَّىٰ شِئْتُمْ ۖ وَقَدِّمُوا لِأَنْفُسِكُمْ ۚ وَاتَّقُوا اللَّهَ وَاعْلَمُوا أَنَّكُمْ مُلَاقُوهُ ۗ وَبَشِّرِ الْمُؤْمِنِين (البقرة:223)

Translation: Women are like fields for you; so seed them as you intend, but plan the future in advance. And fear God, and remember, you have to face Him in the end. Convey glad tidings to those who believe. (Al-Baqara:223)

 

2.     To provide a spiritual and legal foundation between the couple.

Marriage provides spiritual, physical, emotional and psychological companionship. This companionship generates and sustains love, kindness, compassion, mutual confidence and solace. It lays a spiritual and legal foundation for raising a family. The children born of the matrimonial union become legitimate and mutual rights of inheritance are established.

 

After understanding the above, one needs to understand the difference between ‘mutah’ and ‘nikah muwaqqat’. The difference between ‘mutah’ and ‘nikah muwaqqat’ is no more than using different words. For instance, in a temporary marriage, the words nikah and tazwij, which express marriage, are used along with the time period; in muta marriage, the word tamattu or istimta, which expresses “making use of the woman sexually” is used. On the other hand, in mutah marriage, witnesses and limitation of time are not necessary. In temporary marriage, they are necessary1.

 

We understand the clear prohibition of ‘mutah’ from the following Ahadith.

 

عَنْ عَلِيِّ بْنِ أَبِي طَالِبٍ رَضِيَ اللَّهُ عَنْهُ، أَنَّ رَسُولَ اللَّهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: «نَهَى عَنْ مُتْعَةِ النِّسَاءِ يَوْمَ خَيْبَرَ، وَعَنْ أَكْلِ لُحُومِ الحُمُرِ الإِنْسِيَّةِ (صحيح البخاري  (5/135)

Translation: Hadhrat Ali bin Abi Talib (Radhiyallahu Anhu) relates that Nabi (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) on the day of Khaibar, forbade the Mut’a (i.e. temporary marriage) and the eating of donkey-meat. (Al-Bukhari)

 

و عن الرَّبِيعُ بْنُ سَبْرَةَ الْجُهَنِيُّ، أَنَّ أَبَاهُ، حَدَّثَهُ، أَنَّهُ كَانَ مَعَ رَسُولِ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ فَقَالَ: «يَا أَيُّهَا النَّاسُ، إِنِّي قَدْ كُنْتُ أَذِنْتُ لَكُمْ فِي الِاسْتِمْتَاعِ مِنَ النِّسَاءِ، وَإِنَّ اللهَ قَدْ حَرَّمَ ذَلِكَ إِلَى يَوْمِ الْقِيَامَةِ، فَمَنْ كَانَ عِنْدَهُ مِنْهُنَّ شَيْءٌ فَلْيُخَلِّ سَبِيلَهُ، وَلَا تَأْخُذُوا مِمَّا آتَيْتُمُوهُنَّ شَيْئًا  (صحيح مسلم  (2/1025)

Translation: Hadhrat Rabee’i Bin Sabra al-Juhani reported on the authority of his father that while he was with Allah’s Messenger (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) He said: “O people, I had permitted you to contract temporary marriage with women, but Allah has forbidden it (now) until the Day of Resurrection. He who has any (woman with this type of marriage contract) he should let her off, and do not take back anything you have given to them (as dowry).” (Muslim)

According to many ulema, ‘nikah muwaqqat’ and ‘mutah’ is one and the same. However, ‘nikah muwaqqat’ can fall within following scenarios:

1) If at the time of marriage, a time period is mentioned (for example, the man says to the woman that I marry you for a period of 6 months only) then the ruling is that of ‘muta’. Such an act is impermissible and the nikah is not valid2.  

 

2) Similar to the above scenario, however, instead of stipulating a time period for the termination of the nikah, one puts in a condition to divorce the woman after a specific period (for example, the man says “I marry you with the condition that I will divorce you after 6 months”). Although doing this type of marriage (i.e. wherein a condition to divorce is mentioned) is impermissible, if someone does it, the marriage will be valid. However, the condition to divorce after 6 months, mentioned at the time of the nikah is not valid and it will fall off. She will not be divorced until the husband chooses to actually issue a divorce. In other words, although doing such a marriage will be sinful, the marriage itself will be valid3.

 

3) One does not fix a period at the time of the marriage but has an intention to divorce the woman after a specific time4.

It is appropriate to discuss the present day practise of ‘nikah misyaar’. The term ‘nikah misyaar’ (translated sometimes as “travellers’ marriage” or “marriage of convenience”) is not found in the Qur’an, Sunna or classical works of Islamic jurisprudence. It is a term that has been introduced recently. A misyaar marriage can be defined as an official marriage contract between a man and a woman, with the condition that the spouses give up one, two or several of their rights by their own free will. These include: living together, equal division of nights between wives in cases of polygamy, the wife’s right to housing (sukna) and financial support (nafaqa). The intentions involved in this scenario are most of the time also based on personal desires and motives. Wealthy men sometimes enter into a misyaar marriage while on vacation especially to poor countries. Families, despite being aware of the temporary arrangement at times, agree to the arrangement because of the money, riches and lavish lifestyles that are offered. They also hope for some gifts at the end of the vacation and that the rich “husband” will give her some money and divorce her. Sometimes the husband keeps the wife for the next vacation and sends her some money now and then. 

Many misyaar wives hope to win the love of their husbands so that they may live with them permanently. It is believed that misyaar merely permits men to have sexual relations without committing the sin of adultery. Such a marriage is highly condemned. However, at times, the intentions may be otherwise. This may affect the ruling.

Your enquiry could fall under the third scenario discussed but seems to incline more towards nikah misyaar. Even though the nikah is valid in both, one is strongly advised to abstain from such actions since it is a type of deception to the wife and her family. Nabi (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) has forbidden any type of deception. If the women knew that the man only intends to be married with her for that specific time, she would not agree to the marriage nor would her family. In the same way, he would not be pleased to marry his daughter to a man who intends to divorce her when he has fulfilled his need from her. How can he be pleased with doing to others what he would not be pleased to have done to himself? This goes against the foundation of faith.

Nabi (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) has stated:

عَنْ أَنَسٍ عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ: «لاَ يُؤْمِنُ أَحَدُكُمْ، حَتَّى يُحِبَّ لِأَخِيهِ مَا يُحِبُّ لِنَفْسِهِ (صحيح البخاري (1/12)

Translation: Hadhrat Anas (Radhiyallahu Anhu) reports that Nabi (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) said: “None of you truly believes until he loves for his brother what he loves for himself” (Al-Bukhari)

One should also think, how would one feel if a woman with ulterior motives had to come in one’s nikah. After the nikah, one invests his life and wealth in the woman. He has certain aspirations and dreams which he works towards. He intends sharing all of this with someone who he thinks will be his life partner. However, after a short period, she demands a divorce. Won’t one feel deceived and hurt by such an action? The case of a woman is worse. A woman, in many a case, leaves the comfort of her home, the attention of her parents, and moves in with her husband. She sacrifices her life and gives her virginity to one who she feels will be the father of her children, the one who will be the shoulder to her tears and sorrows. Can one be so naive and heartless to wreck a woman’s life for the sake of one’s desires and fantasies?

As explained in the beginning, the purpose of a marriage is to form a lasting bond and relationship between a couple. In spite of the sacredness of the marriage tie, Islam recognises the necessity of divorce in cases when marital relations are poisoned to a degree which makes a peaceful home life impossible. But Islam does not believe in unlimited opportunities for divorce on frivolous and flimsy grounds, because any undue increase in divorce would destroy the stability of family life. Therefore, while allowing divorce even on genuine grounds, Islam has taken great care to introduce checks designed to limit the use of available facilities. In simple, issuing divorce in Shari’ah is taken as an action of last resort.

عَنْ جَابِرٍ، قَالَ: قَالَ رَسُولُ اللهِ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ: ” إِنَّ إِبْلِيسَ يَضَعُ عَرْشَهُ عَلَى الْمَاءِ، ثُمَّ يَبْعَثُ سَرَايَاهُ، فَأَدْنَاهُمْ مِنْهُ مَنْزِلَةً أَعْظَمُهُمْ فِتْنَةً، يَجِيءُ أَحَدُهُمْ فَيَقُولُ: فَعَلْتُ كَذَا وَكَذَا، فَيَقُولُ: مَا صَنَعْتَ شَيْئًا، قَالَ ثُمَّ يَجِيءُ أَحَدُهُمْ فَيَقُولُ: مَا تَرَكْتُهُ حَتَّى فَرَّقْتُ بَيْنَهُ وَبَيْنَ امْرَأَتِهِ، قَالَ: فَيُدْنِيهِ مِنْهُ وَيَقُولُ: نِعْمَ أَنْتَ ” قَالَ الْأَعْمَشُ: أُرَاهُ قَالَ: فَيَلْتَزِمُهُ (صحيح مسلم (4/ 2167)

 

 

Translation: Hadhrat Jabir (Radhiyallahu Anhu) reports that Allah’s Messenger (Sallallahu Alaihi Wasallam) said: “Iblis places his throne upon water; he then sends detachments (for creating dissension); the nearer to him in rank are those who are most notorious in creating dissension. One of them comes and says: “I did so and so.” And he says: “You have done nothing.” Then one amongst them comes and says: “I did not spare so and so until I caused a husband and wife to seperate.” The Satan goes near him and says: “You have done well.” A’mash (Rahimahullah) said: Shaitaan then embraces him. (Muslim)

 

عَنِ ابْنِ عُمَرَ، عَنِ النَّبِيِّ صَلَّى اللهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ قَالَ: أَبْغَضُ الْحَلَالِ إِلَى اللَّهِ تَعَالَى الطَّلَاقُ (سنن أبي داود (2/ 255)

Translation: Hadhrat Ibn Umar (Radhiyallahu Anhu) narrates that Nabi (Salallahu Alaihi Wasallam) said: the most detested of permissible actions to Allah Ta’alah is Talaaq (divorce). (Abu-Dawud)

The above Hadith explains divorce to be the work of shaitaan. If one has to enter a marriage with such intentions, it will mean one is completely happy with doing the work of shaitaan. Such a brave action will be tantamount to earning the displeasure of Allah Ta’alah. In the second hadith, the permissibility is implied. Such will be the case only when a need for divorce arises. It shows boldness from one’s side to engage in an action with an intention of doing an act which Allah Ta’alah detests. Therefore, the door that leads to such possible practices must be closed.

In conclusion, ‘mutah’ is completely forbidden in shari’ah. In the case of ‘nikah muwaqqat’, if a time period was fixed (for example, the man says to the woman that I marry you for a period of 6 months only) at the time of the nikah, this will be forbidden also. In these two scenarios, a contract of nikah will not even take place.

If no period was fixed at the time of the nikah or one stipulated a condition to divorce, (for example, the man says “I marry you with the condition that I will divorce you after 6 months”)one will be sinful and answerable for his act of deceit and harm caused to the woman and her family. The same ruling will apply if one entered into a misyar marriage. Hence, one should not enter a marriage with such intentions. However, if one does so, the nikah will be valid.

 

And Allah Ta’āla Knows Best

Abdullah Noorgat

Student Darul Ifta

South Africa

Checked and Approved by,
Mufti Ebrahim Desai.

 

1)      (وَالنِّكَاحُ الْمُؤَقَّتُ بَاطِلٌ مِثْلُ أَنْ يَتَزَوَّجَ امْرَأَةً بِشَهَادَةِ شَاهِدَيْنِ إلَى عَشَرَةِ أَيَّامٍ) . وَاَلَّذِي يُفْهَمُ مِنْ عِبَارَةِ الْمُصَنِّفِ فِي الْفَرْقِ بَيْنَهُمَا شَيْئَانِ: أَحَدُهُمَا وُجُودُ لَفْظٍ يُشَارِكُ الْمُتْعَةَ فِي الِاشْتِقَاقِ كَمَا ذَكَرْنَا آنِفًا فِي نِكَاحِ الْمُتْعَةِ. وَالثَّانِي شُهُودُ الشَّاهِدَيْنِ فِي النِّكَاحِ الْمُوَقَّتِ مَعَ ذِكْرِ لَفْظِ التَّزْوِيجِ أَوْ النِّكَاحِ وَأَنْ تَكُونَ الْمُدَّةُ مُعَيَّنَةً (العناية شرح الهداية  (3/248)

 

(قَوْلُهُ وَبَطَلَ نِكَاحُ الْمُتْعَةِ وَالْمُوَقَّتِ) وَفَرَّقَ بَيْنَهُمَا فِي النِّهَايَةِ وَالْمِعْرَاجِ بِأَنْ يَذْكُرَ فِي الْمُوَقَّتِ لَفْظَ النِّكَاحِ أَوْ التَّزْوِيجِ مَعَ التَّوْقِيتِ وَفِي الْمُتْعَةِ لَفْظَ أَتَمَتَّعُ بِك أَوْ أَسْتَمْتِعُ وَفِي الْعِنَايَة بِفَرْقٍ آخَرَ: أَنَّ الْمُوَقَّتَ يَكُونُ بِحَضْرَةِ الشُّهُودِ وَيَذْكُرُ فِيهِ مُدَّةً مُعَيَّنَةً بِخِلَافِ الْمُتْعَةِ فَإِنَّهُ لَوْ قَالَ أَتَمَتَّعُ بِك وَلَمْ يَذْكُرْ مُدَّةً كَانَ مُتْعَةً، وَالتَّحْقِيقُ مَا فِي فَتْحِ الْقَدِيرِ أَنَّ مَعْنَى الْمُتْعَةِ عَقْدٌ عَلَى امْرَأَةٍ لَا يُرَادُ بِهِ مَقَاصِدُ عَقْدِ النِّكَاحِ مِنْ الْقَرَارِ لِلْوَلَدِ وَتَرْبِيَتِهِ بَلْ إمَّا إلَى مُدَّةٍ مُعَيَّنَةٍ يَنْتَهِي الْعَقْدُ بِانْتِهَائِهَا أَوْ غَيْرِ مُعَيَّنَةٍ بِمَعْنَى بَقَاءِ الْعَقْدِ مَا دَامَ مَعَهَا إلَى أَنْ يَنْصَرِفَ عَنْهَا فَيَدْخُلُ فِيهِ بِمَادَّةِ الْمُتْعَةِ وَالنِّكَاحِ الْمُوَقَّتِ أَيْضًا فَيَكُونُ مِنْ أَفْرَادِ الْمُتْعَةِ وَإِنْ عَقَدَ بِلَفْظِ التَّزْوِيجِ وَأَحْضَرَ الشُّهُودَ إلَى آخِرِ مَا ذَكَرَهُ (البحر الرائق شرح كنز الدقائق ومنحة الخالق وتكملة الطوري (3/ 115)

 

2)      ولو أن رجلاً قال لامرأة: قد تزوجتك شهراً أو يوماً، بشهود ومهر تراضيا به، كان هذا قبيحاً عندنا (5) أيضاً، ولا يجوز بينهما (الأصل للشيباني ط قطر (10/ 296)

 

(قَالَ:) وَإِنْ قَالَ: تَزَوَّجْتُكِ شَهْرًا فَقَالَتْ: زَوَّجْتُ نَفْسِي مِنْكَ، فَهَذَا مُتْعَةٌ وَلَيْسَ بِنِكَاحٍ عِنْدَنَا، وَقَالَ زُفَرُ – رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى – هُوَ نِكَاحٌ صَحِيحٌ؛ لِأَنَّ التَّوْقِيتَ شَرْطٌ فَاسِدٌ، فَإِنَّ النِّكَاحَ لَا يَحْتَمِلُ التَّوْقِيتَ، وَالشَّرْطُ الْفَاسِدُ لَا يُبْطِلُ النِّكَاحَ بَلْ يَصِحُّ النِّكَاحُ وَيَبْطُلُ الشَّرْطُ، كَاشْتِرَاطِ الْخَمْرِ وَغَيْرِهَا، تَوْضِيحُهُ أَنَّهُ لَوْ شَرَطَ أَنْ يُطَلِّقَهَا بَعْدَ شَهْرٍ صَحَّ النِّكَاحُ وَبَطَلَ الشَّرْطُ، فَكَذَا إذَا تَزَوَّجَهَا شَهْرًا، وَحُجَّتُنَا فِي ذَلِكَ مَا رُوِيَ عَنْ عُمَرَ – رَضِيَ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى عَنْهُ – أَنَّهُ قَالَ: لَا أُوتَى بِرَجُلٍ تَزَوَّجَ امْرَأَةً إلَى أَجَلٍ إلَّا رَجَمْتُهُ، وَلَوْ أَدْرَكْتُهُ مَيِّتًا لَرَجَمْتُ قَبْرَهُ وَالْمَعْنَى فِيهِ أَنَّ النِّكَاحَ لَا يَحْتَمِلُ التَّوْقِيتَ إنَّمَا التَّوْقِيتُ فِي الْمُتْعَةِ، فَإِذَا وَقَّتَا فَقَدْ وُجِدَ مِنْهُمَا التَّنْصِيصُ عَلَى الْمُتْعَةِ، فَلَا يَنْعَقِدُ بِهِ النِّكَاحُ، وَإِنْ ذَكَرَ لَفْظَ النِّكَاحِ، وَهَذَا لِأَنَّهُ لَا يَخْلُو إمَّا أَنْ يَنْعَقِدَ الْعَقْدُ مُؤَبَّدًا أَوْ فِي مُدَّةٍ الْأَوَّلُ بَاطِلٌ فَإِنَّهُمَا لَمْ يَعْقِدَا الْعَقْدَ فِيمَا وَرَاءَ الْمُدَّةِ الْمَذْكُورَةِ، وَلَا يَجُوزُ الْحُكْمُ بِانْعِقَادِ الْعَقْدِ فِيمَا وَرَاءَ الْمُدَّةِ الْمَذْكُورَةِ، وَلَا يَجُوزُ الْحُكْمُ بِانْعِقَادِ الْحُكْمِ فِي زَمَانٍ لَمْ يَعْقِدَا فِيهِ الْعَقْدَ، أَلَا تَرَى أَنَّهُمَا لَوْ أَضَافَا النِّكَاحَ إلَى مَا بَعْدَ شَهْرٍ لَمْ يَنْعَقِدْ فِي الْحَالِ؛ لِأَنَّهُمَا لَمْ يَعْقِدَاهُ فِي الْحَالِ فَكَذَلِكَ هُنَا، وَلَا يَجُوزُ أَنْ يَنْعَقِدَ فِي الْمُدَّةِ؛ لِأَنَّ النِّكَاحَ لَا يَحْتَمِلُ ذَلِكَ، وَهَذَا يُبَيِّنُ أَنَّ التَّوْقِيتَ لَيْسَ بِمَنْزِلَةِ الشَّرْطِ، وَلَكِنْ يَنْعَدِمُ بِالتَّوْقِيتِ أَصْلُ الْعَقْدِ فِي الزَّمَانِ الَّذِي لَمْ يَعْقِدَاهُ فِيهِ (المبسوط للسرخسي (5/ 153)

 

(قَوْلُهُ وَبَطَلَ نِكَاحُ الْمُتْعَةِ وَالْمُوَقَّتِ) وَفَرَّقَ بَيْنَهُمَا فِي النِّهَايَةِ وَالْمِعْرَاجِ بِأَنْ يَذْكُرَ فِي الْمُوَقَّتِ لَفْظَ النِّكَاحِ أَوْ التَّزْوِيجِ مَعَ التَّوْقِيتِ وَفِي الْمُتْعَةِ لَفْظَ أَتَمَتَّعُ بِك أَوْ أَسْتَمْتِعُ وَفِي الْعِنَايَة بِفَرْقٍ آخَرَ: أَنَّ الْمُوَقَّتَ يَكُونُ بِحَضْرَةِ الشُّهُودِ وَيَذْكُرُ فِيهِ مُدَّةً مُعَيَّنَةً بِخِلَافِ الْمُتْعَةِ فَإِنَّهُ لَوْ قَالَ أَتَمَتَّعُ بِك وَلَمْ يَذْكُرْ مُدَّةً كَانَ مُتْعَةً، وَالتَّحْقِيقُ مَا فِي فَتْحِ الْقَدِيرِ أَنَّ مَعْنَى الْمُتْعَةِ عَقْدٌ عَلَى امْرَأَةٍ لَا يُرَادُ بِهِ مَقَاصِدُ عَقْدِ النِّكَاحِ مِنْ الْقَرَارِ لِلْوَلَدِ وَتَرْبِيَتِهِ بَلْ إمَّا إلَى مُدَّةٍ مُعَيَّنَةٍ يَنْتَهِي الْعَقْدُ بِانْتِهَائِهَا أَوْ غَيْرِ مُعَيَّنَةٍ بِمَعْنَى بَقَاءِ الْعَقْدِ مَا دَامَ مَعَهَا إلَى أَنْ يَنْصَرِفَ عَنْهَا فَيَدْخُلُ فِيهِ بِمَادَّةِ الْمُتْعَةِ وَالنِّكَاحِ الْمُوَقَّتِ أَيْضًا فَيَكُونُ مِنْ أَفْرَادِ الْمُتْعَةِ وَإِنْ عَقَدَ بِلَفْظِ التَّزْوِيجِ وَأَحْضَرَ الشُّهُودَ إلَى آخِرِ مَا ذَكَرَهُ، وَقَدْ نَقَلَ فِي الْهِدَايَةِ إجْمَاعَ الصَّحَابَةِ عَلَى حُرْمَتِهِ وَأَنَّهَا كَانَتْ مُبَاحَةً ثُمَّ نُسِخَتْ وَفِي صَحِيحِ مُسْلِمٍ عَنْهُ – صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ – «كُنْت أَذِنْت لَكُمْ فِي الِاسْتِمْتَاعِ بِالنِّسَاءِ، وَقَدْ حَرَّمَ اللَّهُ ذَلِكَ إلَى يَوْمِ الْقِيَامَةِ» وَالْأَحَادِيثُ فِي ذَلِكَ كَثِيرَةٌ شَهِيرَةٌ وَمَا نُقِلَ عَنْ ابْنِ عَبَّاسٍ مِنْ إبَاحَتِهَا فَقَدْ صَحَّ رُجُوعُهُ وَمَا فِي الْهِدَايَةِ مِنْ نِسْبَتِهِ إلَى مَالِكٍ فَغَلَطٌ كَمَا ذَكَرَهُ الشَّارِحُونَ فَحِينَئِذٍ كَانَ زُفَرُ الْقَائِلُ بِإِبَاحَةِ الْمُوَقَّتِ مَحْجُوجًا بِالْإِجْمَاعِ لِمَا عَلِمْت أَنَّ الْمُوَقَّتَ مِنْ أَفْرَادِ الْمُتْعَةِ، قَالُوا: ثَلَاثَةُ أَشْيَاءَ نُسِخَتْ مَرَّتَيْنِ: الْمُتْعَةُ وَلُحُومُ الْحُمُرِ الْأَهْلِيَّةِ وَالتَّوَجُّهُ إلَى بَيْتِ الْمَقْدِسِ، أَطْلَقَ فِي الْمُوَقَّتِ فَشَمِلَ الْمُدَّةَ الطَّوِيلَةَ أَيْضًا كَأَنْ يَتَزَوَّجَهَا إلَى مِائَتَيْ سَنَةٍ وَهُوَ ظَاهِرُ الْمَذْهَبِ وَهُوَ الصَّحِيحُ كَمَا فِي الْمِعْرَاجِ؛ لِأَنَّ التَّأْقِيتَ هُوَ الْمُعَيِّنُ لِجِهَةِ الْمُتْعَةِ، وَشَمِلَ الْمُدَّةَ الْمَجْهُولَةَ أَيْضًا (البحر الرائق شرح كنز الدقائق ومنحة الخالق وتكملة الطوري (3/ 115)

 

(وَالنِّكَاحُ الْمُؤَقَّتُ بَاطِلٌ مِثْلُ أَنْ يَتَزَوَّجَ امْرَأَةً بِشَهَادَةِ شَاهِدَيْنِ إلَى عَشَرَةِ أَيَّامٍ) . وَاَلَّذِي يُفْهَمُ مِنْ عِبَارَةِ الْمُصَنِّفِ فِي الْفَرْقِ بَيْنَهُمَا شَيْئَانِ: أَحَدُهُمَا وُجُودُ لَفْظٍ يُشَارِكُ الْمُتْعَةَ فِي الِاشْتِقَاقِ كَمَا ذَكَرْنَا آنِفًا فِي نِكَاحِ الْمُتْعَةِ. وَالثَّانِي شُهُودُ الشَّاهِدَيْنِ فِي النِّكَاحِ الْمُوَقَّتِ مَعَ ذِكْرِ لَفْظِ التَّزْوِيجِ أَوْ النِّكَاحِ وَأَنْ تَكُونَ الْمُدَّةُ مُعَيَّنَةً (وَقَالَ زُفَرُ هُوَ صَحِيحٌ لَازِمٌ) لِأَنَّ التَّوْقِيتَ شَرْطٌ فَاسِدٌ لِكَوْنِهِ مُخَالِفًا لِمُقْتَضَى عَقْدِ النِّكَاحِ، وَالنِّكَاحُ لَا يَبْطُلُ بِالشُّرُوطِ الْفَاسِدَةِ (وَلَنَا أَنَّهُ أَتَى بِمَعْنَى الْمُتْعَةِ) بِلَفْظِ النِّكَاحِ لِأَنَّ مَعْنَى الْمُتْعَةِ هُوَ الِاسْتِمْتَاعُ بِالْمَرْأَةِ لَا لِقَصْدِ مَقَاصِدِ النِّكَاحِ وَهُوَ مَوْجُودٌ فِيمَا نَحْنُ فِيهِ لِأَنَّهَا لَا تَحْصُلُ فِي مُدَّةٍ قَلِيلَةٍ (وَالْعِبْرَةُ فِي الْعُقُودِ لِلْمَعَانِي) دُونَ الْأَلْفَاظِ  (العناية شرح الهداية  (3/248)

 

 

(وَبَطَلَ نِكَاحُ مُتْعَةٍ، وَمُؤَقَّتٍ) ، وَإِنْ جُهِلَتْ الْمُدَّةُ أَوْ طَالَتْ فِي الْأَصَحِّ وَلَيْسَ مِنْهُ مَا لَوْ نَكَحَهَا عَلَى أَنْ يُطَلِّقَهَا بَعْدَ شَهْرٍ أَوْ نَوَى مُكْثَهُ مَعَهَا مُدَّةً مُعَيَّنَةً

(قَوْلُهُ: وَبَطَلَ نِكَاحُ مُتْعَةٍ، وَمُؤَقَّتٍ) قَالَ فِي الْفَتْحِ: قَالَ شَيْخُ الْإِسْلَامِ فِي الْفَرْقِ بَيْنَهُمَا أَنْ يَذْكُرَ الْوَقْتَ بِلَفْظِ النِّكَاحِ وَالتَّزْوِيجِ وَفِي الْمُتْعَةِ أَتَمَتَّعُ أَوْ أَسْتَمْتِعُ. اهـ. يَعْنِي مَا اشْتَمَلَ عَلَى مَادَّةِ مُتْعَةٍ. وَاَلَّذِي يَظْهَرُ مَعَ ذَلِكَ عَدَمُ اشْتِرَاطِ الشُّهُودِ فِي الْمُتْعَةِ وَتَعْيِينِ الْمُدَّةِ، وَفِي الْمُؤَقَّتِ الشُّهُودُ وَتَعْيِينُهَا، وَلَا شَكَّ أَنَّهُ لَا دَلِيلَ لَهُمْ عَلَى تَعْيِينِ كَوْنِ الْمُتْعَةِ الَّذِي أُبِيحَ ثُمَّ حَرُمَ هُوَ مَا اجْتَمَعَ فِيهِ مَادَّةُ (م ت ع) لِلْقَطْعِ مِنْ الْآثَارِ بِأَنَّهُ كَانَ أَذِنَ لَهُمْ فِي الْمُتْعَةِ، وَلَيْسَ مَعْنَاهُ أَنَّ مَنْ بَاشَرَ هَذَا يَلْزَمُهُ أَنْ يُخَاطِبَهَا بِلَفْظِ أَتَمَتَّعُ وَنَحْوِهِ لِمَا عُرِفَ أَنَّ اللَّفْظَ يُطْلَقُ وَيُرَادُ مَعْنَاهُ، فَإِذَا قِيلَ تَمَتَّعُوا فَمَعْنَاهُ أَوْجِدُوا مَعْنَى هَذَا اللَّفْظِ،، وَمَعْنَاهُ الْمَشْهُورُ أَنْ يُوجَدَ عَقْدًا عَلَى امْرَأَةٍ لَا يُرَادُ بِهِ مَقَاصِدُ عَقْدِ النِّكَاحِ مِنْ الْقَرَارِ لِلْوَلَدِ وَتَرْبِيَتِهِ، بَلْ إلَى مُدَّةٍ مُعَيَّنَةٍ يَنْتَهِي الْعَقْدُ بِانْتِهَائِهَا أَوْ غَيْرِ مُعَيَّنَةٍ بِمَعْنَى بَقَاءِ الْعَقْدِ مَا دَامَ مَعَهَا إلَى أَنْ يَنْصَرِفَ عَنْهَا فَلَا عَقْدَ، فَيَدْخُلُ فِيهِ مَا بِمَادَّةِ الْمُتْعَةِ وَالنِّكَاحِ الْمُؤَقَّتِ أَيْضًا فَيَكُونُ مِنْ أَفْرَادِ الْمُتْعَةِ، وَإِنْ عَقَدَ بِلَفْظِ التَّزَوُّجِ وَأَحْضَرَ الشُّهُودَ. اهـ. مُلَخَّصًا وَتَبِعَهُ فِي الْبَحْرِ وَالنَّهْرِ، ثُمَّ ذَكَرَ فِي الْفَتْحِ أَدِلَّةَ تَحْرِيمِ الْمُتْعَةِ وَأَنَّهُ كَانَ فِي حِجَّةِ الْوَدَاعِ وَكَانَ تَحْرِيمُ تَأْبِيدٍ لَا خِلَافَ فِيهِ بَيْنَ الْأَئِمَّةِ وَعُلَمَاءِ الْأَمْصَارِ إلَّا طَائِفَةً مِنْ الشِّيعَةِ وَنِسْبَةُ الْجَوَازِ إلَى مَالِكٍ كَمَا وَقَعَ فِي الْهِدَايَةِ غَلَطٌ، ثُمَّ رَجَّحَ قَوْلَ زُفَرَ بِصِحَّةِ الْمُؤَقَّتِ عَلَى مَعْنًى أَنَّهُ يَنْعَقِدُ مُؤَبَّدًا وَيَلْغُو التَّوْقِيتُ؛ لِأَنَّ غَايَةَ الْأَمْرِ أَنَّ الْمُؤَقَّتَ مُتْعَةٌ وَهُوَ مَنْسُوخٌ، لَكِنْ الْمَنْسُوخُ مَعْنَاهَا الَّذِي كَانَتْ الشَّرِيعَةُ عَلَيْهِ وَهُوَ مَا يَنْتَهِي الْعَقْدُ فِيهِ بِانْتِهَاءِ الْمُدَّةِ، فَإِلْغَاءُ شَرْطِ التَّوْقِيتِ أَثَرُ النَّسْخِ، وَأَقْرَبُ نَظِيرٌ إلَيْهِ نِكَاحُ الشِّغَارِ وَهُوَ أَنْ يُجْعَلَ بُضْعُ كُلٍّ مِنْ الْمَرْأَتَيْنِ مَهْرًا لِلْأُخْرَى، فَإِنَّهُ صَحَّ النَّهْيُ عَنْهُ وَقُلْنَا يَصِحُّ مُوجِبًا لِمَهْرِ الْمِثْلِ لِكُلٍّ مِنْهُمَا فَلَمْ يَلْزَمْنَا النَّهْيُ، بِخِلَافِ مَا لَوْ عَقَدَ بِلَفْظِ الْمُتْعَةِ وَأَرَادَ النِّكَاحَ الصَّحِيحَ الْمُؤَبَّدَ فَإِنَّهُ لَا يَنْعَقِدُ، وَإِنْ حَضَرَهُ الشُّهُودُ؛ لِأَنَّهُ لَا يُفِيدُ مِلْكَ الْمُتْعَةِ كَلَفْظِ الْإِحْلَالِ فَإِنَّ مَنْ أَحَلَّ لِغَيْرِهِ طَعَامًا لَا يَمْلِكُهُ فَلَمْ يَصِحَّ مَجَازًا عَنْ مَعْنَى النِّكَاحِ كَمَا مَرَّ. اهـ مُلَخَّصًا. (قَوْلُهُ: وَإِنْ جُهِلَتْ الْمُدَّةُ) كَأَنْ يَتَزَوَّجَهَا إلَى أَنْ يَنْصَرِفَ عَنْهَا كَمَا تَقَدَّمَ ح (قَوْلُهُ: أَوْ طَالَتْ فِي الْأَصَحِّ) كَأَنْ يَتَزَوَّجَهَا إلَى مِائَتَيْ سَنَةٍ وَهُوَ ظَاهِرُ الْمَذْهَبِ وَهُوَ الصَّحِيحُ كَمَا فِي الْمِعْرَاجِ؛ لِأَنَّ التَّأْقِيتَ هُوَ الْمُعَيِّنُ لِجِهَةِ الْمُتْعَةِ بَحْرٌ (قَوْلُهُ: وَلَيْسَ مِنْهُ إلَخْ) ؛ لِأَنَّ اشْتِرَاطَ الْقَاطِعِ يَدُلُّ عَلَى انْعِقَادِهِ مُؤَبَّدًا وَبَطَلَ الشَّرْطُ بَحْرٌ. (قَوْلُهُ: أَوْ نَوَى إلَخْ) ؛ لِأَنَّ التَّوْقِيتَ إنَّمَا يَكُونُ بِاللَّفْظِ بَحْرٌ (الدر المختار وحاشية ابن عابدين (رد المحتار)  (3/51)

 

3)      وَهَذَا بِخِلَافِ مَا إذَا شَرَطَ أَنْ يُطَلِّقَهَا بَعْدَ شَهْرٍ؛ لِأَنَّ الطَّلَاقَ قَاطِعٌ لِلنِّكَاحِ فَاشْتِرَاطُ الْقَاطِعِ بَعْدَ شَهْرٍ لِيَنْقَطِعَ بِهِ دَلِيلٌ عَلَى أَنَّهُمَا عَقَدَا الْعَقْدَ مُؤَبَّدًا، أَلَا تَرَى أَنَّهُ لَوْ صَحَّ الشَّرْطُ هُنَاكَ لَا يَبْطُلُ النِّكَاحُ بَعْدَ مُضِيِّ شَهْرٍ، وَهُنَا لَوْ صَحَّ التَّوْقِيتُ لَمْ يَكُنْ بَيْنَهُمَا عَقْدٌ بَعْدَ مُضِيِّ الْوَقْتِ كَمَا فِي الْإِجَارَةِ. وَقَالَ الْحَسَنُ بْنُ زِيَادٍ – رَحِمَهُ اللَّهُ تَعَالَى – إنْ ذَكَرَا مِنْ الْوَقْتِ مَا يُعْلَمُ أَنَّهُمَا لَا يَعِيشَانِ أَكْثَرَ مِنْ ذَلِكَ كَمِائَةِ سَنَةٍ أَوْ أَكْثَرَ يَكُونُ النِّكَاحُ صَحِيحًا؛ لِأَنَّ فِي هَذَا تَأْكِيدَ مَعْنَى التَّأْبِيدِ، فَإِنَّ النِّكَاحَ يُعْقَدُ لِلْعُمْرِ، بِخِلَافِ مَا إذَا ذَكَرَا مُدَّةً قَدْ يَعِيشَانِ أَكْثَرَ مِنْ تِلْكَ الْمُدَّةِ، وَعِنْدَنَا الْكُلُّ سَوَاءٌ؛ لِأَنَّ التَّأْبِيدَ مِنْ شَرْطِ النِّكَاحِ فَالتَّوْقِيتُ يُبْطِلُهُ طَالَتْ الْمُدَّةُ أَوْ قَصُرَتْ، وَاَللَّهُ سُبْحَانَهُ وَتَعَالَى أَعْلَمُ بِالصَّوَابِ وَإِلَيْهِ الْمَرْجِعُ وَالْمَآبُ. (المبسوط للسرخسي (5/ 153)

 

وَقَيَّدَ بِالْمُوَقَّتِ؛ لِأَنَّهُ لَوْ تَزَوَّجَهَا عَلَى أَنْ يُطَلِّقَهَا بَعْدَ شَهْرٍ فَإِنَّهُ جَائِزٌ؛ لِأَنَّ اشْتِرَاطَ الْقَاطِعِ يَدُلُّ عَلَى انْعِقَادِهِ مُؤَبَّدًا وَبَطَلَ الشَّرْطُ كَمَا فِي الْقُنْيَةِ وَلَوْ تَزَوَّجَهَا وَفِي نِيَّتِهِ أَنْ يَقْعُدَ مَعَهَا مُدَّةً نَوَاهَا فَالنِّكَاحُ صَحِيحٌ؛ لِأَنَّ التَّوْقِيتَ إنَّمَا يَكُونُ بِاللَّفْظِ (البحر الرائق شرح كنز الدقائق ومنحة الخالق وتكملة الطوري (3/ 116)

 

 

 

4)      (وَإِذَا تَزَوَّجَهَا بِشَرْطِ التَّحْلِيلِ فَالنِّكَاحُ مَكْرُوهٌ) لِقَوْلِهِ – صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ – «لَعَنَ اللَّهُ الْمُحَلِّلَ وَالْمُحَلَّلَ لَهُ»

(قَوْلُهُ بِشَرْطِ التَّحْلِيلِ) أَيْ بِأَنْ يَقُولَ تَزَوَّجْتُك عَلَى أَنْ أُحِلَّك لَهُ أَوْ تَقُولَ هِيَ ذَلِكَ فَهُوَ مَكْرُوهٌ كَرَاهَةَ التَّحْرِيمِ الْمُنْتَهِضَةِ سَبَبًا لِلْعِقَابِ لِقَوْلِهِ – صَلَّى اللَّهُ عَلَيْهِ وَسَلَّمَ – «لَعَنَ اللَّهُ الْمُحَلِّلَ وَالْمُحَلَّلَ لَهُ» أَمَّا لَوْ نَوَيَاهُ وَلَمْ يَقُولَاهُ فَلَا عِبْرَةَ بِهِ وَيَكُونُ الرَّجُلُ مَأْجُورًا لِقَصْدِهِ الْإِصْلَاحَ (فتح القدير للكمال ابن الهمام (4/181)

 

(وَكُرِهَ) التَّزَوُّجُ لِلثَّانِي (تَحْرِيمًا) لِحَدِيثِ «لَعْنِ الْمُحَلِّلِ وَالْمُحَلَّلِ لَهُ» (بِشَرْطِ التَّحْلِيلِ) كَتَزَوَّجْتُكِ عَلَى أَنْ أُحَلِّلَكِ (وَإِنْ حَلَّتْ لِلْأَوَّلِ) لِصِحَّةِ النِّكَاحِ وَبُطْلَانِ الشَّرْطِ فَلَا يُجْبَرُ عَلَى الطَّلَاقِ كَمَا حَقَّقَهُ الْكَمَالُ، خِلَافًا لِمَا زَعَمَهُ الْبَزَّازِيُّ. وَمِنْ لَطِيفِ الْحِيَلِ قَوْلُهُ: إنْ تَزَوَّجْتُكِ وَجَامَعْتُكِ، أَوْ وَأَمْسَكْتُكِ فَوْقَ ثَلَاثٍ مَثَلًا فَأَنْتِ بَائِنٌ، وَلَوْ خَافَتْ أَنْ لَا يُطَلِّقَهَا تَقُولُ: زَوَّجْتُكَ نَفْسِي عَلَى أَنَّ أَمْرِي بِيَدِي زَيْلَعِيٌّ، وَتَمَامُهُ فِي الْعِمَادِيَّةِ (أَمَّا إذَا أَضْمَرَ ذَلِكَ لَا) يُكْرَهُ (وَكَانَ) الرَّجُلُ (مَأْجُورًا) لِقَصْدِ الْإِصْلَاحِ

(قَوْلُهُ: أَمَّا إذَا أَضْمَرَ ذَلِكَ) مُحْتَرَزُ قَوْلِهِ بِشَرْطِ التَّحْلِيلِ (قَوْلُهُ: لَا يُكْرَهُ) بَلْ يَحِلُّ لَهُ فِي قَوْلِهِمْ جَمِيعًا قُهُسْتَانِيٌّ عَنْ الْمُضْمَرَاتِ (قَوْلُهُ: لِقَصْدِ الْإِصْلَاحِ) أَيْ إذَا كَانَ قَصْدُهُ ذَلِكَ لَا مُجَرَّدَ قَضَاءِ الشَّهْوَةِ وَنَحْوِهَا.

وَأَوْرَدَ السُّرُوجِيُّ أَنَّ الثَّابِتَ عَادَةً كَالثَّابِتِ نَصًّا أَيْ فَيَصِيرُ شَرْطُ التَّحْلِيلِ كَأَنَّهُ مَنْصُوصٌ عَلَيْهِ فِي الْعَقْدِ فَيُكْرَهُ. وَأَجَابَ فِي الْفَتْحِ بِأَنَّهُ لَا يَلْزَمُ مِنْ قَصْدِ الزَّوْجِ ذَلِكَ أَنْ يَكُونَ مَعْرُوفًا بَيْنَ النَّاسِ، وَإِنَّمَا ذَلِكَ فِيمَنْ نَصَبَ نَفْسَهُ لِذَلِكَ وَصَارَ مُشْتَهِرًا بِهِ اهـ تَأَمَّلْ (الدر المختار وحاشية ابن عابدين (رد المحتار)  (3/414)

 

فتاوی محموديۃ (16/248)

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