Answered by Shaykh Faraz Rabbani
Reciting the opening invocations behind the imam: what does the latecomer do?
Answer:
Walaikum assalam wa rahmatullah,
In the Name of Allah, Most Merciful and Compassionate. May His blessings and peace be on His Beloved Prophet, the best of creation, and his family, companions, and followers
Ibn Abidin stated in his Radd al-Muhtar that the relied upon position regarding this is what Imam Tumurtashi mentioned in his Tanwir al-Absar:
“One recites Subhanak Allahumma ’ unless one is a latecomer and the imam has begun reciting aloud, in which case one does not recite it.” [Tumurtashi, Tanwir al-Absar; Ibn Abidin, Radd al-Muhtar Sharh Durr al-Mukhtar]
Thus:
In silent prayers (namely, Zuhr and Asr), one recites the opening supplication, whether the imam has started reciting the Qur’an or not;
In loud prayers (namely, the first two rakats of Fajr, Maghrib, and Isha), one recites the opening supplication, if the imam has not yet started reciting the Qur’an aloud. One does not recite the opening supplication if the imam has started reciting the Qur’an aloud.
Ibn Abidin gave the reasoning for this, quoting al-Dhakhiraa leading fatwa reference in the Hanafi school:
Listening (and thus remaining silent) in other than loud prayers is not obligatory but, rather, an emphatic sunna out of reverence for the [imam’s] recitation [f: as the Qur’an has commanded]. It is thus a sunna that is not sought in of itself. Likewise, the follower’s non-recital in other than loud prayers is not because it is in itself necessary to remain silent, but because [f: as the Prophet (Allah bless him and give him peace) stated] the imam’s recitation counts as recitation for the follower.
As for the opening supplication (saying Subhanak Allahumma ’), it is a sunna that it sought in itself, and the imam’s opening supplication does not count as the opening recitation for the follower [f: because there is no proof that it counts as such, contrary to recitation].
Thus, if one were to leave the opening supplication [f: in other than the loud prayers], then this would entail leaving a sunna sought in itself [f: namely, the opening supplication], in order to fulfill a sunna that is not sought in itself [f: namely, remaining silent].
The opposite is true when the imam is reciting aloud. [f: Thus, in loud prayers, one does not recite the opening supplication once the imam has started his Qur’anic recitation]
[Ibn Abidin, Radd al-Muhtar]
And Allah alone gives success.
Faraz Rabbani.
