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What is the ruling of Shari’ah on female circumcision?

Answered as per Hanafi Fiqh by Fatwa-TT.com
Question:

What is the most preferred view on female circumcision? Did Prophet Muhammad ﷺ allow it for females and why? جزاك الله جيرا

Answer:

بسم الله الرحمن الرحيم

Female Circumcision in Islam

The Prophet ﷺ said:

خَمْسٌ مِنَ الْفِطْرَةِ: الْخِتَانُ، وَالِاسْتِحْدَادُ، وَتَقْلِيمُ الْأَظْفَارِ، وَنَتْفُ الْإِبْطِ، وَقَصُّ الشَّارِبِ

Five things are connected to the Fitrah: Circumcision, Shaving the pubic hairs, Clipping the nails, Plucking the armpit hairs and Trimming the moustache.

The term Fitrah refers to the inherent and natural qualities and ways of a human-being.[1] The laws of the Shariah are equally applicable to men and women ( [2]النساء شقائق الرجال), except where there is clear proof stating that women are exempted. The acts of Fitrah mentioned in the Hadith are general and relates to both male and female. Furthermore, there are no evidences indicating that circumcision is restricted to males only.

In fact, female circumcision was the norm and custom of Arab women and was also endorsed by the Prophet ﷺ. Consider the following Ahadith of the Prophet ﷺ;

إِذَا جَاوَزَ الْخِتَانُ الْخِتَانَ وَجَبَ الْغُسْلُ ‏ (الترمذي)

When the circumcised meets the circumcised then Ghusl is required.”

إِذَا جَلَسَ بَيْنَ شُعَبِهَا الأَرْبَعِ وَمَسَّ الْخِتَانُ الْخِتَانَ فَقَدْ وَجَبَ الْغُسْلُ (مسلم)

When a man sits amidst her four parts (arms and legs of his wife) and the circumcised parts touch each other a bath becomes obligatory.

Imam at-Tahtaawi, in his Hashiya Ala Maraqil Falah commenting on the Hadith narrated by Imam at-Tirmidhi sates that female circumcision was the custom of Arab women.[3]

Imam Badruddin al Ayni in his Umdatul Qaari and al-Binayah also confirms that female circumcision was the custom of Arab women.[4]

It is narrated in numerous books of Ahadith that a Sahabiyah by the name of Umm Atiyyah (r.a) used to circumcise females at the time of the Prophet ﷺ. The Prophet ﷺ said her regarding her profession;

لا تنهكي فإن ذلك أحظى للمرأة وأحب إلى البعل (أبو داود)

Don’t cut too much, for that will be more pleasing to the woman and more desirable to the husband

In another Hadith it is reported that the Prophet said to Umm Atiyya (r.a)

فقال لها رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم: “يا أم عطية: اخفضي ولا تُنهِكيِ، فإنه أنضر للوجه، وأحظى عند الزوج

Oh Umm Atiya! Circumcise, but don’t cut too much, for that will be brighter for the face (i.e. satisfying for her) and more pleasing to the husband. {Al-Mustadrak, at-Tabarani , al-Baihaqi} [5]

In another Hadith the Prophet advises the women of the Ansaar in general regarding circumcision;

يا نســاء الأنصــار اختضـبن عمســاً ، واختفـضن ولا تنـهـكن ؛ فإنه أحظـى لإناثكن عند أزواجهن

Oh women of the Ansaar! Apply henna and circumcise! but do not exaggerate (i.e.do not cut too much) for it is more pleasing for your women folks when they are with their husbands.

The aforementioned Ahaadith and others [6]clearly indicate that, not only was circumcision prominent amongst Arab women but its action was also affirmed and endorsed by the Messenger of Allah ﷺ. For this reason the Jurists of Islam are unanimous on the permissibility of female circumcision. Some are of the view that it is compulsory, others are of the view that it an action which is greatly emphasized except that it is not compulsory, while others state that it is Mustahab [7] (commendable). Female circumcision being commendable is the stance of the majority of the Hanafi Jurists and is considered the most preferred and acceptable view.[8]

Misconception regarding Female Circumcision

 

“Female Circumcision is a very barbaric and inhumane action as it entails mutilation of the female genitals”.

Clarification;

Female circumcision in our times is commonly referred to as FGM (Female Genital Mutilation) which it practice in many parts of the world. The World Health Organisation (WHO) has categorized FGM into basically three types viz.

Type I: Often referred to as clitoridectomy, this is the partial or total removal of the clitoris (a small, sensitive and erectile part of the female genitals).

Type II: Often referred to as excision, this is the partial or total removal of the clitoris and the labia minora (the inner folds of the vulva), with or without excision of the labia majora (the outer folds of skin of the vulva)

Type III: Often referred to as infibulation, this is the narrowing of the vaginal opening through the creation of a covering seal. The seal is formed by cutting and repositioning the labia minora, or labia majora, sometimes through stitching, with or without removal of the clitoris (clitoridectomy).[9]

All of the three aforementioned methods of female circumcision are absolutely not in conformity with the laws of Shariah and therefore cannot be attributed to Islam. The Shariah permits female circumcision however, with specific measures and guidelines. The method of female circumcision allowed in the Shariah is completely different to these barbaric methods listed above.

According to the Scholars of Shariah, the correct method of female circumcision is as follows;

وهو مقطع جليدة في أعلى فرجها تشبه عرف الديك بينها وبين مدخل الذكَر جلدة رقيقة [10]

The type of female circumcision which is permitted in Islam entails cutting piece of the thin skin (prepuce) which is above the clitoris in a manner mentioned by the Prophet ﷺ (لا تنهكي) i.e. without exaggeration. Therefore, the method of female circumcision does not entail cutting any part of the clitoris or labia nor does it involve infibulation (the practice of excising the clitoris and labia and stitching together the edges of the vulva to prevent sexual intercourse).

The method of female circumcision prescribed in the Shariah is akin to male circumcision in that only the prepuce is removed. The procedure of male circumcision entails the removal of the entire foreskin whereas in female circumcision only a piece of the prepuce is removed. Moreover, male circumcision is not considered barbaric rather it is encouraged by many western experts.

The W.H.O. has also included the method of Female Circumcision prescribed by the Shariah as barbaric and pharaonic and thus grouped it under the category of FGM Type I. However, the United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) on the topic of “Harmful Traditional Practices Affecting the Health of Women and Childrenreleased an article which clearly shows that the method of Female- Circumcision permitted by the Shariah is far from being barbaric;

Types of surgical forms ;(a) Circumcision or Sunna (“traditional”) circumcision: This involves the removal of the prepuce and the tip of the clitoris. This is the only operation which, medically, can be likened to male circumcision”[11]

In this article cutting of the tip the clitoris is akin to male circumcision which is acceptable and not considered to be barbaric. Therefore, the method of female circumcision prescribed by the Shariah cannot by any means be regarded as barbaric as only the prepuce (or part of) is removed.

If a particular medicine, which is proven to work is misused by an individual, it would be foolish of a person to condemn the medicine, what should be condemned is its misuse. Similarly, it is incorrect for a person to condemn female circumcision entirely, as it is legislated by the Shariah, rather one should condemn its misuse and malpractices.  

Benefits of Female Circumcision

Mentioning some of these benefits, Dr. Haamid al-Ghawaabi says: 

The secretions of the labia minora accumulate in uncircumcised women and turn rancid, so they develop an unpleasant odour which may lead to infections of the vagina or urethra. I have seen many cases of sickness caused by the lack of circumcision. 

Circumcision reduces excessive sensitivity of the clitoris which may cause it to increase in size to 3 centimetres when aroused, which is very annoying to the husband, especially at the time of intercourse. 

Another benefit of circumcision is that it prevents stimulation of the clitoris which makes it grow large in such a manner that it causes pain. 

Circumcision prevents spasms of the clitoris which are a kind of inflammation.  

Circumcision reduces excessive sexual desire.[12] 

Then Dr al-Ghawaabi refutes those who claim that female circumcision leads to frigidity by noting: 

Frigidity has many causes, and this claim is not based on any sound statistics comparing circumcised women with uncircumcised women, except in the case of Pharaonic circumcision which is where the clitoris is excised completely. This does in fact lead to frigidity but it is contrary to the kind of circumcision enjoined by the Prophet of mercy (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him) when he said: “Do not destroy” i.e., do not uproot or excise. This alone is evidence that speaks for itself, because medicine at that time knew very little about this sensitive organ (the clitoris) and its nerves. 

From Liwa’ al-Islam magazine, issue 8 and 10; article entitled Khitaan al-Banaat (circumcision of girls). 

The female gynaecologist Sitt al-Banaat Khaalid says in an article entitled Khitaan al-Banaat Ru’yah Sihhiyyah (Female circumcision from a health point of view): 

For us in the Muslim world female circumcision is, above all else, obedience to Islam, which means acting in accordance with the fitrah and following the Sunnah which encourages it. We all know the dimensions of Islam, and that everything in it must be good in all aspects, including health aspects. If the benefits are not apparent now, they will become known in the future, as has happened with regard to male circumcision – the world now knows its benefits and it has become widespread among all nations despite the opposition of some groups. 

Then she mentioned some of the health benefits of female circumcision and said: 

It takes away excessive libido from women

It prevents unpleasant odours which result from foul secretions beneath the prepuce.

It reduces the incidence of urinary tract infections

It reduces the incidence of infections of the reproductive system. 

In the book on Traditions that affect the health of women and children, which was published by the World Health Organization in 1979 it says: 

With regard to the type of female circumcision which involves removal of the prepuce of the clitoris, which is similar to male circumcision, no harmful health effects have been noted. [13]

In conclusion, Female Circumcision is permitted in Islam by the manner prescribed by the Fuqaha (Jurists), and should only be undertaken by medical experts in that field.

And Allah Ta’āla Knows Best

Mufti Kaleem Muhammad

Darul Iftaa, Jaamia Madinatul Uloom

Trinidad, West Indies

www.fatwa-tt.com

[1] حاشية السندى على ابن ماجة

قَوْلُهُ (الْفِطْرَةُ خَمْسٌ) أَيْ خَمْسُ خِصَالٍ أَوْ خِصَالٌ خَمْسٌ وَالْفِطْرَةُ بِكَسْرِ الْفَاءِ بِمَعْنَى الْخِلْقَةِ وَالْمُرَادُ هَاهُنَا السُّنَّةُ الْقَدِيمَةُ الَّتِي اخْتَارَهَا اللَّهُ تَعَالَى لِلْأَنْبِيَاءِ فَكَأَنَّهَا أَمْرٌ جِبِلِّيٌّ فُطِرُوا عَلَيْهَا وَلَيْسَ الْمُرَادُ الْحَصْرَ فَقَدْ جَاءَ عَشَرَةٌ مِنَ الْفِطْرَةِ فَالْحَدِيثُ مِنْ أَوَّلِهِ أَنَّ مَفْهُومَ الْعَدَدِ غَيْرُ مُعْتَبَرٍ قَوْلُ

[2] رواه أبو داود

“Women are the twin Halves of men”- regarding the laws of Shariah.

[3] حاشية الطحطاوي على مراقي الفلاح شرح نور الإيضاح (ص: 98)

“إذا التقى الختانان الخ” ذكرهما بناء على عادة العرب من ختن نسائهم وهو من الرجال دون حزة الحشفة ومن المرأة موضع قطع جلدة كعرف الديك فوق مدخل الذكر وهو مخرج الولد والمني والحيض وتحت مخرج البول ويقال له أيضا خفاض قال في السراج وهو سنة عندنا للرجال والنساء

[4] عمدة القاري شرح صحيح البخاري (3/ 246)

(باب إذا التقى الختانان)

أي: هذا باب في بيان حكم ما إذا التقى الختانان يعني: ختان الرجل وختان المرأة وقال بعضهم: المراد بهذه التثنية ختان الرجل وخفاض المرأة، وإنما ثنيا بلفظ واحد تغليبا له قلت: ذكروا هذا ولكن ذكر هذا بناء على عادة العرب، فإنهم يختنون النساء. وقال صلى الله عليه وسلم: (الختان للرجال سنة وللنساء مكرمة) رواه الجصاص في كتاب (أدب القضاء) عن شداد بن أوس، رضي الله تعالى عنه، ثم الختان قطع جليدة الكمرة، وكذلك الختن والخفاض قطع جلدة من أعلى فرجها تشبه عرف الديك بينها وبين مدخل الذكر جلدة رقيقة، وكذلك الخفض.

البناية شرح الهداية (1/ 333)

وفي ” الدراية “: ذكر الختانين بناء على عادة العرب فإنهم يختنون النساء قال – صلى الله عليه وسلم – «الختان للرجل سنة وللنساء مكرمة»

[5] المستدرك على الصحيحين للحاكم (3/ 603)

6236 – رقم الحديث

[التعليق – من تلخيص الذهبي] 6236 – سكت عنه الذهبي في التلخيص

المعجم الكبير للطبراني (8/ 299)

رقم الحديث8137

السنن الكبرى للبيهقي (8/ 562)

رقم الحديث17561

[6] الأدب المفرد بالتعليقات (ص: 709)

1249 – (ث 343) عن أُمُّ الْمُهَاجِرِ قَالَتْ: سُبِيتُ وَجَوَارِي مِنَ الرُّومِ فَعَرَضَ عَلَيْنَا عُثْمَانُ الْإِسْلَامَ فَلَمْ يُسْلِمْ مِنَّا غَيْرِي وَغَيْرُ أُخْرَى فَقَالَ: اخْفِضُوهُمَا وَطَهِّرُوهُمَا فَكُنْتُ أخدم عثمان

الأدب المفرد بالتعليقات (ص: 708)

عن أم علقمة أن بنات أخي عائشة ختن فَقِيلَ لِعَائِشَةَ أَلَا نَدْعُو لَهُنَّ مَنْ يُلْهِيْهِنَّ؟ قَالَتْ: بَلَى

[7] الدر المختار وحاشية ابن عابدين (رد المحتار) (6/ 751)

وختان الخنثى لاحتمال كونه رجلا، وختان الرجل لا يترك فلذا كان سنة احتياطا ولا يفيد ذلك سنيته للمرأة تأمل

الدر المختار وحاشية ابن عابدين (رد المحتار) (6/ 371)

لأن الختان سنة للرجال من جملة الفطرة لا يمكن تركها وهي مكرمة في حق النساء أيضا كما في الكفاية

العناية شرح الهداية (10/ 27)

لأن الختان سنة في حق الرجال مكرمة في حق النساء فلا يترك

المبسوط للسرخسي (10/ 156)

لأن الختان سنة وهو من جملة الفطرة في حق الرجال لا يمكن تركه وهو مكرمة في حق النساء أيضا

[8] المحيط البرهاني في الفقه النعماني (5/ 375)

اختلفت الروايات في ختان النساء؛ ذكر في بعضها أنها سنة، وهكذا حكي عن بعض المشايخ

عمدة القاري شرح صحيح البخاري (22/ 272)

قوله: (الختان) واجب على ظاهر الأقوال على الرجال والنساء. وفي قول: سنة فيها، وبه قال مالك والكوفيون، وفي قول: واجب على الرجال دون النساء، وقد روي مرفوعا: الختان سنة للرجال ومكرمة للنساء ولكن هذا ضعيف

الدر المختار وحاشية ابن عابدين (رد المحتار) (6/ 751)

وفي كتاب الطهارة من السراج الوهاج اعلم أن الختان سنة عندنا للرجال والنساء

الفتاوى الهندية (5/ 357)

اختلفت الروايات في ختان النساء ذكر في بعضها أنه سنة هكذا حكي عن بعض المشايخ وذكر شمس الأئمة الحلواني في أدب القاضي للخصاف أن ختان النساء مكرمة كذا في المحيط.

[9] http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs241/en/

[10] فتح الباري لابن حجر (1/ 395)

(قوله باب إذا التقى الختانان)

المراد بهذه التثنية ختان الرجل والمرأة والختن قطع جلدة كمرته وخفاض المرأة والخفض قطع جليدة في أعلى فرجها تشبه عرف الديك بينها وبين مدخل الذكر جلدة رقيقة وإنما ثنيا بلفظ واحد تغليبا وله نظائر وقاعدته رد الأثقل إلى الأخف والأدنى إلى الأعلى

فتح الباري لابن حجر (10/ 340)

ال الماوردي ختانها قطع جلدة تكون في أعلى فرجها فوق مدخل الذكر كالنواة أو كعرف الديك والواجب قطع الجلدة المستعلية منه دون استئصاله

البناية شرح الهداية (1/ 333)

وختان المرأة موضع قطع جلدة منها كعرف الديك في فم الرجل وذلك لأنه مدخل ومخرج الولد والمني والحيض، وفوق مدخل الذكر مخرج البول وبينهما جلدة رقيقة وفوق مخرج البول جلدة رقيقة تقطع منها في الختان، وهو ختان المرأة

البحر الرائق شرح كنز الدقائق ومنحة الخالق وتكملة الطوري (1/ 61)

وفوق مدخل الذكر مخرج البول كإحليل الرجل وبينهما جلدة رقيقة يقطع منها في الختان فحصل أن ختان المرأة متسفل تحت مخرج البول وتحت مخرج البول مدخل الذكر

الدر المختار وحاشية ابن عابدين (رد المحتار) (1/ 167)

وختان المرأة: وهو موضع قطع جلدة منها كعرف الديك فوق الفرج

حاشية السندي على سنن ابن ماجه (1/ 211)

قوله (إذا التقى الختانان) الختان بكسر الخاء يطلق على موضع القطع من الذكر وهو المراد هاهنا والمراد بالثاني موضع القطع من الفرج والمراد إدخال ذكره في فرجها وتحاذى الختانان وإلا فختان المرأ

[11] http://www.refworld.org/docid/479477410.html

[12] Nymphomania is a mental disorder marked by compulsive sexual behaviour. Compulsions are unwanted actions, or rituals, that a person engages in repeatedly without getting pleasure from them or being able to control them. In the case of nymphomania, people act out their compulsions by engaging in risky behaviours such as promiscuity. Whether or not nymphomania qualifies as a true mental illness is often debated in the medical community, but evidence suggests that compulsive sexual behaviour is a real and serious illness. http://www.healthgrades.com/conditions/nymphomania

Munāwī mentions in his Faiḍ al-Qadīr:

فيض القدير (1/ 216)

297 – (اخفضي) بكسر الهمزة خطابا لأم عطية التي كانت تخفض الجواري بالمدينة أي تختنهن (ولا تنهكي) بفتح المثناة فوق وسكون النون وكسر الهاء لا تبالغي في استقصاء محل الختان بالقطع بل أبقي ذلك الموضع. قال الزمخشري: وأصل النهك المبالغة في العمل (فإنه أنضر) بفتح الهمزة والمعجمة (للوجه) أي أكثر لمائه ودمه وأبهج لبريقه ولمعته (وأحظى عند الزوج) ومن في معناه من كل واطئ كسيد الأمة يعني أحسن لجماعها عنده وأحب إليه وأشهى له لأن الخافضة إذا استأصلت جلدة الختان ضعفت شهوة المرأة فكرهت الجماع فقلت حظوتها عند حليلها كما أنها إذا تركتها بحالها فلم تأخذ منها شيئا بقيت غلمتها فقد لا تكتفي بجماع زوجها فتقع في الزنا فأخذ بعضها تعديل للشهوة والخلقة

Other References:

(1) خفاظ الاناث بين الفقه و لاطب للدكتور عبد الله محمد ربابعة

(2) ختان الاناث بين الفقه و الطب للدكتور حاتم الحاج

ختان الإناث بين علماء الشريعة والأطباء لالدكتورة مريم إبراهيم هندي (3)

 

This answer was collected from Fatwa-tt.com, which is operated by the Darul Iftaa of Jaamia Madinatul Uloom (Trinidad and Tobago) under the advice and guidance of Mufti Ebrahim Desai (Daamat Barakaatuhum) of South Africa.

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