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Is it permissible to regulate the flow of goods and services in order to obtain a premium on the eventual sale of those goods/services?

Answered as per Hanafi Fiqh by Askimam.org

Firstly I must thank you for the opportunity you have created within this country for Muslims to have their questions answered in the light of a learned and scholarly persons guidance. So a very, very sincere Jazaak-Allah.

I have one question regarding Trade and Industry in Islam and would like it answered with the view of large corporations or conglomerates. Thereafter please feel free to offer any advice to small/medium businesses and even if you would like to refer me to any good source of literature on the acceptable conduct for businessmen within Islam.

Question 1 : Is it permissible to regulate the flow of goods and services in order to obtain a premium on the eventual sale of those goods/services? (i.e. withholding stocks so that market prices may surge)

Answer

In the name of Allah, Most Gracious, Most Merciful

Assalaamu `alaykum waRahmatullahi Wabarakatuh

We appreciate your kind words regarding our services and efforts. It has been our goal to provide free answers and solutions to the Muslim Umma from authentic sources of Shari’a. We request for duas that Allah accepts our efforts and continues to take work from us for the service of His Deen, Ameen.

Regarding your query:

The Islamic economical structure is neither a capitalist system where the individuals have total control of what is produced, how it is producted, who gets it and when they get it, nor is a socialist structure where the government has total control over all the matters. The Islamic perspective of economics is a moderate structure where healthy competition is encouraged but on the same note it discourages any form of business which might cause harm to the general public.

One such harm which may be inflicted upon the general public is the act of regulating the flow of goods and services in order to increase the price and benefit from the premium. This act in Shari’a is known as ihtikar (hoarding).

Hoarding is severely disliked in Shari’a as it causes harm to the majority and only a few individuals benefit from it. The Prophet (Sallallahu ‘Alayhi Wasallam) has severely warmed against such a practice:

عن معمر بن عبد الله عن رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم قال لا يحتكر إلا خاطئ – صحيح مسلم

Ma’mar ibn ‘Abdullah narrates that the Prophet (Sallallahu ‘Alayhi Wasallam) said, “No one hoards except a sinner.” – Sahih Muslim

عن أبي أمامة ، قال : نهى رسول الله صلى الله عليه وسلم أن يحتكر الطعام – المصنف لابن أبى شيبة

Abu Umama said, “The Prophet (Sallallahu ‘Alayhi Wasallam) forbid from hoarding food.” – Musanaf of Ibn Abi Shayba

عمر بن الخطاب قال قال رسول الله صلى الله عليه و سلم الجالب مرزوق والمحتكر ملعون – ابن ماجه

Umar ibn al-Khattab narrates that the Prophet of Allah (Sallallahu ‘Alayhi Wasallam) said, “The one who imports is provided for and the one who hoards is cursed.” – Ibn Majah)

Imam Abu Hanifa (ra) is of the view that hoarding is impermissible in smaller towns and villages since the inhabitants of these vicinities are greatly affected by hoarding of the goods by the suppliers. Where as in a large town or city, the public is not affected due to other suppliers being present to offer the goods, therefore it is not impermissible.

However, in today’s time the entire world has become a global village. The rise of sales in one part of the world affects the sales on the other side of the world. For example, if the sales of corn (maize) in the Chicago Stock Market were to rise, it has an effect on corn sales in as well as other parts of the world. Therefore, the view of Imam Abu Hanifa (ra) will also be applicable in today’s time for small towns as well as cities.

Therefore, it is makruh (unacceptable) to regulate the flow of goods and services in order to obtain a premium on the eventual rise in the sales. It is necessary for Muslim businessmen to refrain from such acts.

Bada’i al-Sana’i (4/308) Dar al-Kitab Deoband

والكلام في الاحتكار في موضعين

 أحدهما في تفسير الاحتكار وما يصير به الشخص محتكرا والثاني في بيان حكم الاحتكار

أما الأول فهو أن يشتري طعاما في مصر ويمتنع عن بيعه وذلك يضر بالناس وكذلك لو اشتراه من مكان قريب يحمل طعامه إلى المصر وذلك المصر صغير وهذا يضر به يكون محتكرا وإن كان مصرا كبيرا لا يضر به لا يكون محتكرا ولو جلب إلى مصر طعاما من مكان بعيد وحبسه لا يكون احتكارا  وروي عن أبي يوسف رحمه الله أنه يكون احتكارا لأن كراهة الاحتكار بالشراء في المصر والامتناع عن البيع لمكان الإضرار بالعامة وقد وجد ههنا  ولأبي حنيفة رضي الله عنه قول النبي عليه السلام الجالب مرزوق وهذا جالب ولأن حرمة الاحتكار بحبس المشتري في المصر لتعلق حق العامة به فيصير ظالما بمنع حقهم على ما نذكر ولم يوجد ذلك في المشتري خارج المصر من مكان بعيد لأنه متى اشتراه ولم يتعلق به حق أهل المصر فلا يتحقق الظلم ولكن مع هذا الأفضل له أن لا يفعل ويبيع لأن في الحبس ضررا بالمسلمين وكذلك ما حصل له من ضياعه بأن زرع أرضه فأمسك طعامه فليس ذلك باحتكار لأنه لم يتعلق به حق أهل المصر لكن الأفضل أن لا يفعل ويبيع لما قلنا ثم الاحتكار يجري في كل ما يضر بالعامة عند أبي يوسف رحمه الله قوتا كان أو لا وعند محمد رحمه الله لا يجري الاحتكار إلا في قوت الناس وعلف الدواب من الحنطة والشعير والتبن والقت  وجه قول محمد رحمه الله أن الضرر في الأعم الأغلب إنما يلحق العامة بحبس القوت والعلف فلا يتحقق الاحتكار إلا به  وجه قول أبي يوسف رحمه الله أن الكراهة لمكان الإضرار بالعامة وهذا لا يختص بالقوت والعلف

 وأما حكم الاحتكار فنقول يتعلق بالاحتكار أحكام منها الحرمة لما روي عن رسول الله أنه قال المحتكر ملعون والجالب مرزوق ولا يلحق اللعن إلا بمباشرة المحرم  وروي عنه عليه الصلاة والسلام أنه قال من احتكر طعاما أربعين ليلة فقد بريء من الله وبريء الله منه ومثل هذا الوعيد لا يلحق إلا بارتكاب الحرام ولأن الاحتكار من باب الظلم لأن ما بيع في المصر فقد تعلق به حق العامة فإذا امتنع المشتري عن بيعه عند شدة حاجتهم إليه فقد منعهم حقهم ومنع الحق عن المستحق ظلم وإنه حرام وقليل مدة الحبس وكثيرها سواء في حق الحرمة لتحقق الظلم

And Allah knows best

Wassalam

Ml. Ehzaz Ajmeri,
Student Darul Iftaa

Checked and Approved by:

Mufti Ebrahim Desai
Darul Iftaa, Madrassah In’aamiyyah

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